The Calendar and Appointments 1

The Months, Dates and Seasons

In the list of months below, you can see that the English and German are either close or identical, but note the pronunication shown for some of the months.

Die Monate - The Months
DEUTSCH	ENGLISCH
Januar YAHN-oo-ahr	January
Februar	February
März MEHRZ	March
April	April
Mai MYE	May
Juni YOO-nee	June
Juli YOO-lee	July
August ow-GOOST	August
September	September
Oktober	October
November	November
Dezember	December

The months are all masculine gender (der). There are two words used for July. Juli (YOO-LEE) is the standard form, but German-speakers often say Julei (YOO-LYE) to avoid confusion with Juni - in much the same way that zwo is used for zwei.

Before we talk more about the months, let's also look at the four seasons, die vier Jahreszeiten.

Die Jahreszeiten - The Seasons
Jahreszeit	Monate
der Frühling das Frühjahr (Adj.) frühlingshaft	März, April, Mai im Frühling - in the spring
der Sommer (Adj.) sommerlich	Juni, Juli, August im Sommer - in the summer
der Herbst (Adj.) herbstlich	Sept., Okt., Nov. im Herbst - in the fall/autumn
der Winter (Adj.) winterlich	Dez., Jan., Feb. im Winter - in the winter

The seasons are all masculine gender (except for das Frühjahr, another word for spring). The months for each season above are, of course, for the northern hemisphere where Germany and the other German-speaking countries lie.

When speaking of a season in general ("Autumn is my favorite season."), in German you almost always use the article: "Der Herbst ist meine Lieblingsjahreszeit." The adjectival forms shown above translate as "springlike, springy," "summerlike" or "autumnal, falllike" (sommerliche Temperaturen = "summerlike/summery temperatures"). In some cases, the noun form is used as a prefix, as in die Winterkleidung = "winter clothing" or die Sommermonate = "the summer months." The prepositional phrase im (in dem) is used for all the seasons when you want to say, for instance, "in (the) spring" (im Frühling). This is the same as for the months.

More on the Months
To say "in May" or "in November" you use the prepositional phrase im Mai or im November. (The word im is a contraction of in and dem, the dative form of der.) To give a date, such as "on July 4th," you use am (as with the days) and the ordinal number (4th, 5th): am vierten Juli, usually written am 4. Juli. The period after the number represents the -ten ending on the number and is the same as the -th, -rd, or -nd ending used for English ordinal numbers.

Note that numbered dates in German (and in all of the European languages) are always written in the order of day, month, year - rather than month, day, year. For example, in German the date 1/6/01 would be written 6.1.01 (which is Epiphany or Three Kings, the 6th of January 2001). This is the logical order, moving from the smallest unit (the day) to the largest (the year).. Here are some commonly used phrases for the months and calendar dates:

Calendar Date Phrases
Englisch	Deutsch
in August (in June, October, etc.)	im August (im Juni, Oktober, usw.)
on June 14th (spoken) on June 14, 2001 (written)	am vierzehnten Juni am 14. Juni 2001 - 14.7.01
on the first of May (spoken) on May 1, 2001 (written)	am ersten Mai am 1. Mai 2001 - 1.5.01

The ordinal numbers are so-called because they express the order in a series, in this case for dates. But the same principle applies to the "first door" (die erste Tür) or the "fifth element" (das fünfte Element).

In most cases, the ordinal number is the cardinal number with a -te or -ten ending. Just as in English, some German numbers have irregular ordinals: one/first (eins/erste) or three/third (drei/dritte). Below is a sample chart with ordinal numbers that would be required for dates.

Sample Ordinal Numbers (Dates)
Englisch	Deutsch
1 the first - on the first/1st	der erste - am ersten/1.
2 the second - on the second/2nd	der zweite - am zweiten/2.
3 the third - on the third/3rd	der dritte - am dritten/3.
4 the fourth - on the fourth/4th	der vierte - am vierten/4.
5 the fifth - on the fifth/5th	der fünfte - am fünften/5.
6 the sixth - on the sixth/6th	der sechste - am sechsten/6.
11 the eleventh on the eleventh/11th	der elfte - am elften/11.
21 the twenty-first on the twenty-first/21st	der einundzwanzigste am einundzwanzigsten/21.
31 the thirty-first on the thirty-first/31st	der einunddreißigste am einunddreißigsten/31.

The Calendar and Appointments 2

Days of the Week, Months, Dative Phrases

Luckily, because they are based on Latin, the English and German words for the months are almost identical. The days in many cases are also similar because of a common Germanic heritage. Most of the days bear the names of Teutonic gods in both languages. For example, the Germanic god of war and thunder, Thor, lends his name to both English Thursday and German Donnerstag (thunder = Donner).

Let's start with the days of the week (Tage der Woche). Most of the days in German end in the word (der) Tag, just as the English days end in "day." The German week (and calendar) starts with Monday (Montag) rather than Sunday. Each day is shown with its common two-letter abbreviation.

Tage der Woche Days of the Week
DEUTSCH	ENGLISCH
Montag (Mo) (Mond-Tag)	Monday "moon day"
Dienstag (Di) (Zies-Tag)	Tuesday
Mittwoch (Mi) (mid-week)	Wednesday (Wodan's day)
Donnerstag (Do) "thunder-day"	Thursday (Thor's day)
Freitag (Fr) (Freya-Tag)	Friday (Freya's day)
Samstag (Sa) Sonnabend (Sa) (used in No. Germany)	Saturday (Saturn's day)
Sonntag (So) (Sonne-Tag)	Sunday "sun day"

The seven days of the week are masculine gender (der) since they usually end in -tag (der Tag). The two exceptions, Mittwoch and Sonnabend, are also masculine. Note that there are two words for Saturday. Samstag is used in most of Germany, in Austria and in German Switzerland. Sonnabend ("Sunday eve") is used in eastern Germany and roughly north of the city of Münster in northern Germany. So, in Hamburg, Rostock, Leipzig or Berlin, it's Sonnabend; in Cologne, Frankfurt, Munich or Vienna "Saturday" is Samstag. Both words for "Saturday" are understood all over the German-speaking world, but you should try to use the one most common in the region you're in. Note the two-letter abbreviation for each of the days (Mo, Di, Mi, etc.). These are used on calendars, schedules and German/Swiss watches that indicate the day and date.

To say "on Monday" or "on Friday" you use the prepositional phrase am Montag or am Freitag. (The word am is actually a contraction of an and dem, the dative form of der. We'll explain more about that below.) Here are some commonly used phrases for the days of the week:

Day Phrases
Englisch		Deutsch
on Monday (on Tuesday, Wednesday, etc.)		am Montag (am Dienstag, Mittwoch, usw.)
(on) Mondays (on Tuesdays, Wednesdays, etc.)		montags (dienstags, mittwochs, usw.)
every Monday, Mondays (every Tuesday, Wednesday, etc.)		jeden Montag (jeden Dienstag, Mittwoch, usw.)
this Tuesday		(am) kommenden Dienstag
last Wednesday		letzten Mittwoch
the Thursday after next		übernächsten Donnerstag
every other Friday		jeden zweiten Freitag
Today is Tuesday.		Heute ist Dienstag.
Tomorrow is Wednesday.		Morgen ist Mittwoch.
Yesterday was Monday.		Gestern war Montag.
NOMINATIV-AKKUSATIV-DATIV
GENDER	Nominativ	Akkusativ	Dativ
MASC.	der/jeder	den/jeden	dem
NEUT.	das	das	dem
FEM.	die	die	der
EXAMPLES: am Dienstag (on Tuesday, dative), jeden Tag (every day, accusative)
NOTE: The masculine (der) and neuter (das) make the same changes (look the same) in the DATIV case. Adjectives or numbers used in the dative will have an -en ending: am sechsten April.

Now we want to apply the information in the chart above. When we use the prepositions an (on) and in (in) with days, months or dates, they take the dative case. Days and months are masculine, so we end up with a combination of an or in plus dem, which equals am or im. Additionally, some date expressions that do not use prepositions (jeden Dienstag, letzten Mittwoch) are in the accusative case.